A Waqf Performance Index to Enhance Waqf Governance
How to cite (SHIRKAH) :
The effective governance of waqf institutions remains a persistent challenge in Indonesia, particularly at the regional level where standardized and context-sensitive performance measurement instruments are limited. This study aims to develop a Regional Waqf Performance Index (WPI) as a governance evaluation tool for waqf institutions in Bengkulu Province, adapted from and extending the National Waqf Index framework. Employing a qualitative research design, the study integrates a literature review with Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) involving five experts representing regulators, academics, and waqf practitioners. The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) is applied to determine the priority weights of governance dimensions and indicators. The findings reveal that result/outcome is the most influential dimension of waqf governance performance, particularly the productive waqf ratio, followed by the impact dimension, which reflects socio-economic benefits such as infrastructure development and community welfare. Institutional capacity, operational processes, governance systems, and regulatory support function as critical enabling factors but are not perceived as ultimate indicators of governance success. Based on these results, the study formulates an integrated WPI Governance Model that illustrates the causal relationship between governance enablers, productive outcomes, and socio-economic impacts. The proposed WPI provides a structured, measurable, and policy-ready framework that supports evidence-based decision-making, enables performance monitoring, and strengthens the accountability and developmental role of waqf institutions at the regional level.
Adinugraha, H. H., Shulthoni, M., & Sain, Z. H. (2024). Transformation of cash waqf management in Indonesia: Insights into the development of digitalization. Review of Islamic Social Finance and Entrepreneurship, 3(1), 50-66. https://doi.org/10.20885/RISFE.vol3.iss1.art4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20885/RISFE.vol3.iss1.art4
Ali, K. M., Hassan, M. K., & Ali, A. Elrahman E. S. (2019). Revitalization of waqf for socio-economic development (Volume II). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18445-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18449-0
Ash-Shiddiqy, M., Makhrus, & Wibowo, M. G. (2024). Cash waqf management for education: challenges, solutions, and strategies. Shirkah: Journal OfEconomics and Business, 9(2), 275-289. https://doi.org/10.22515/shirkah.v9i2.723 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22515/shirkah.v9i2.723
Balnc, D. Le. (2015). Towards integration at last? The sustainable development goals as a network of targets. Sustainable Development, 23(3), 179–187. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.1582 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.1582
Dupi, M., & Husaen, F. D. U. (2025). Waqf and Sustainable Economic Systems: A bibliometric review of global research and innovation in Islamic economics (2008-2025). At-Taradhi: Jurnal Studi Ekonomi, 16(2), 136-157. https://doi.org/10.18592/taradhi.v16i2.18154
Doods, F., Donodhue, A. D., & Roesch, J. L. (2016). Negotiating the sustainable development goals: a transformational agenda for a insecure world. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315527093 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315527093
Firdaus, M. I., Pradhana, T. A., & Anhar, Z. Y. (2022). Distribution of cash waqf with debt and receivable mechanisms perspective of islamic law and positive law. Al-Insyiroh: Jurnal Studi Keislaman, 8(2), 37–56. https://doi.org/10.35309/alinsyiroh.v8i2.5682 DOI: https://doi.org/10.35309/alinsyiroh.v8i2.5682
Girgenti, A., Giogetti, A., Rolli, F., Arcidiacono, G., Sgrevi, A., & Citti, P. (2020). The importance of metrics for the evaluation of design performance for an axiomatic design system development. International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, 9(3), 4793–4798.
Hakim, L., MArisa, S., Herlina, A., & Nurfatila, D. (2021). Akuntabilitas pengelolaan wakaf produktif dalam peningkatan sosial ekonomi masyarakat pada badan wakaf indonesia perwakilan kabupaten Siak. Ah-Hisbah: Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah, 2(1), 68–77. DOI: https://doi.org/10.57113/his.v2i1.84
Hamza, H. S. (2017). Financial structure of cash waqf. Journal of King Abdulaziz University, Islamic Economics, 30(3), 123–141. https://doi.org/10.4197/Islec.30-3.4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4197/Islec.30-3.4
Handayani, L., Widiastuti, T., Sukmana, R., Ainun, B., & Napitupulu, R. M. (2025). A new lens: Reframing performance measurement for Islamic social finance. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIABR-12-2024-0519 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JIABR-12-2024-0519
Hasan, R., Hassan, M. K., & Rashid, M. (2019). The role of waqf in educational development-evidence from Malaysia. Journal of Islamic Finance, 8(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.31436/jif.v8i1.319 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31436/jif.v8i1.319
Hassan, R., Abu Bakar, N. M., & Akmal Abu Bakar, N. H. (2022). A review on governance and best practices in waqf management for sustainable development in selected Malaysian states and other countries. Towards a Post-Covid Global Financial System: Lessons in Social Responsibility from Islamic Finance, 161-184. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80071-625-420210009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80071-625-420210009
Herianingrum, S., & Widiastuti, T. (2016). The empowerment model of cash waqf to improve education quality in zakat institutions. IJIBE: International Journal of Islamic Business Ethics, 1(1), 53-65. http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/ijibe.1.1.53-65 DOI: https://doi.org/10.30659/ijibe.1.1.53-65
Huq, M. A., & Khan, F. (2017). The role of cash waqf in the development of islamic higher education in Bangladesh. Journal of Islamic Economics, Banking and Finance, 13(4), 45. https://doi.org/10.12816/0051001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.12816/0051001
Ibrahim, N. H., Yusuf, S. N. S., Zainol, A. S., & Lateh, N. (2026). Strengthening waqf management in Malaysian public university: An exploratory analysis of issues and challenges. Journal of Advanced Research in Business and Management Studies, 42(1), 1-14. https://karyailham.com.my/index.php/arbms/article/view/905
Ismail, N. A., Abdullah, A. A. B. T., Zainuddin, S. A. B., & Aziz, R. B. C. (2025). Review on trend of waqf technology. In Integrating Artificial Intelligence, Security for Environmental and Business Sustainability: Volume 1 (pp. 87-92). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-91424-9_9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-91424-9_9
Kadji, D., & Aulia, D. F. (2025). Mapping waqf management and economic development in Indonesia: A quadrant analysis based on the national waqf index. Review of Islamic Economics and Finance, 8(2), 191-208. https://doi.org/10.17509/rief.v8i2.75754
Khan, A. U., & Ali, Y. (2020). Analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and analytic network process methods and their applications: a twenty year review from 2000-2019: AHP & ANP techniques and their applications: Twenty years review from 2000 to 2019. International Journal of the Analytic Hierarchy Process, 12(3), 369-459. https://doi.org/10.13033/ijahp.v12i3.822 DOI: https://doi.org/10.13033/ijahp.v12i3.822
Laallam, A., Uluyol, B., Kassim, S., & Engku Ali, E. R. A. (2022). The components of intellectual capital and organisational performance in waqf institutions: evidence from Algeria based on structural equation modelling. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, 13(7), 1110-1136. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIABR-07-2021-0192 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JIABR-07-2021-0192
Lestari, Y. D., Sukmana, R., Beik, I. S., & Sholihin, M. (2023). The development of national waqf index in Indonesia: A fuzzy AHP Approach. Heliyon, 9(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15783 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15783
Listiana, L., Andrian, F. K., Syahyuti, S., Silalahi, S. A. F., & Laallam, A. (2026). The role of Waqf in CSR: models from Indonesia and Malaysia and new proposals. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIABR-03-2025-0126 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JIABR-03-2025-0126
Maretaniandini, S. T., Hilmiyah, F., & Akbar, S. (2025). Implementation of advanced technology in waqf management: A systematic literature review. Journal of Islamic Economic Laws, 8(01), 210-236. https://doi.org/10.23917/jisel.v8i01.8518 DOI: https://doi.org/10.23917/jisel.v8i01.8518
Maulida, S. (2025). Analyzing the efficiency and productivity of waqf fund management in Indonesia and Malaysia: A DEA and MPI approach. Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis Islam, 11(2), 376-402. https://doi.org/10.20473/jebis.v11i2.67947 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20473/jebis.v11i2.67947
Misbah, H., & Johari, F. (2025). Mapping waqf research: A 15-year bibliometric study of Malaysia and Indonesia. Jurnal Ekonomi & Keuangan Islam, 258-286. https://doi.org/10.20885/JEKI.vol11.iss2.art7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20885/JEKI.vol11.iss2.art7
Munawar, W., & Mufraini, M. A. (2021). Productive waqf, economic empowerment, and public welfare: Evidence from benefit recipients at Daarut Tauhiid waqf institution. Inferensi: Jurnal Penelitian Sosial Keagamaan, 15(1), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.18326/infsl3.v15i1.1-24%0D DOI: https://doi.org/10.18326/infsl3.v15i1.1-24
Noordin, N. H., Haron, S. N., & Kassim, S. (2017). Developing a comprehensive performance measurement system for waqf institutions. International Journal of Social Economics, 44(7), 921–936. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-09-2015-0257 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-09-2015-0257
Nufian, & Weda, W. (2018). Teori dan Praktis: Riset Komunikasi Pemasaran Terpadu. Malang: UB Press.
Oktarina, A., & Asnaini. (2018). Developing models of productive waqf masjid syuhada Yogyakarta. QIJIS: Qudus International of Islamic Studies, 6(1), 103–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.21043/qijis.v6i1.3719 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21043/qijis.v6i1.3719
Radović-Marković, M. (2023). Qualitative methods in economic sciences. In How to Conduct Qualitative Research in Social Science (pp. 164-181). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781800376199.00016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781800376199.00016
Setiawan, N., Aulia, I. F., Muria, R. M., & Hamdani, L. (2025). Fraud risk management and performance of Indonesian waqf institutions: exploring the mediating role of good waqf governance. Management & Sustainability: An Arab Review, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1108/MSAR-12-2024-0252 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/MSAR-12-2024-0252
Shofiatin, N., Supriani, I., Al-Kilani, A. R., & Widiyanti, D. R. (2025). Analysis of waqf studies: a hybrid review. International Journal of Ethics and Systems. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOES-11-2024-0378 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOES-11-2024-0378
Sulistyowati, Sukmana, R., Ratnasari, R. T., Ascarya, & Widiastuti, T. (2022). Issues and challenges of waqf in providing healthcare resources. Islamic Economic Studies, 30(1), 2–22. https://doi.org/10.1108/IES-09-2021-0034 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IES-09-2021-0034
Uula, M. M. (2022). Productivity of waqf funds in Indonesia: A Malmquist Index Approach on selected philanthropic institutions. International Journal of Waqf, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.58968/ijf.v2i1.151 DOI: https://doi.org/10.58968/ijf.v2i1.151
Widiyanti, D. R., Abdurrahman, A. F., & Hafidzuddin, I. (2024). An Analysis of The Effectiveness of Waqf Fund Management Performance in Waqf Managing Institutions in Indonesia. Review of Islamic Economics and Finance, 7(2), 33-54. https://ejournal.upi.edu/index.php/rief/article/view/73868
Yusgiantoro, I., Pamungkas, P., & Trinugroho, I. (2024). The sustainability and performance of Bank Wakaf Mikro: waqf-based microfinance in Indonesia. International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, 17(1), 86-101. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMEFM-06-2022-0233 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IMEFM-06-2022-0233
Zafar, M. B., & Jafar, A. (2025). Waqf over a century: innovation and tradition in shaping social equity and sustainable development. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSSP-12-2024-0625 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSSP-12-2024-0625
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Copyright
Copyright aims to protect the specific way the article has been written to describe an experiment and the results. Shirkah: Journal of Economics and Business is committed to its authors to protect and defend their work and their reputation and takes allegations of infringement, plagiarism, ethical disputes, and fraud very seriously. Automotive Experiences is published under the terms of the Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication (online and print) with the work simultaneously. We use the restrictive license (non-commercial) as follows:
BY (attribution): Users are allowed to share, distribute and redistribute the published article in any medium or format, with an identification of the authors and its initial publication in this journal. Authors are encouraged to post and distribute their articles immediately after publication (e.g., institutional or public repositories, personal websites). Authors are allowed to enter into additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the published and an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
NC (non-commercial): Users are not allowed to use the article commercially without the permission of the authors. Authors agree explicitly that the published article is indexed worldwide in databases, repositories and indexation services, even if these services operate on a commercial basis. Authors grant Shirkah: Journal of Economics and Business explicit the right to include the published articles in databases, repositories and indexation services. License
License to Publish
The non-commercial use of the article will be governed by the Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). The author hereby grants Shirkah: Journal of Economics and Business an exclusive publishing and distribution license in the manuscript include tables, illustrations or other material submitted for publication as part of the manuscript in print, electronic and all other media (whether now known or later developed), in any form, in all languages, throughout the world, for the full term of copyright, and the right to license others to do the same, effective when the article is accepted for publication. This license includes the right to enforce the rights granted hereunder against third parties.
Author's Warranties
The author warrants that the article is original, written by stated author/s, has not been published before, contains no unlawful statements, does not infringe the rights of others, is subject to copyright that is vested exclusively in the author and free of any third party rights, and that any necessary written permissions to quote from other sources have been obtained by the author(s).
User Rights
Under the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, the author(s) and users are free to share (copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format) and adapt (remix, transform, and build upon the material). Users must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made.
Rights of Authors
Authors retain the following rights:
- Copyright, and other proprietary rights relating to the article, such as patent rights,
- The right to use the substance of the article in future own works, including lectures and books,
- The right to reproduce the article for own purposes, provided the copies are not offered for sale, and
- The right to self-archive the article.
Co-Authorship
If the article was prepared jointly with other authors, the signatory of this form warrants that he/she has been authorized by all co-authors to sign this agreement on their behalf, and agrees to inform his/her co-authors of the terms of this agreement.
Royalties
This agreement entitles the author to no royalties or other fees. To such extent as legally permissible, the author waives his or her right to collect royalties relative to the article in respect of any use of the article by Shirkah: Journal of Economics and Business or its sublicensee.
Miscellaneous
Shirkah: Journal of Economics and Business will publish the article (or have it published) in the Journal if the article's editorial process is successfully completed and Shirkah: Journal of Economics and Business or its sublicensee has become obligated to have the article published. Shirkah: Journal of Economics and Business may conform the article to a style of punctuation, spelling, capitalization, and usage that it deems appropriate.