Maṣlaḥah Mursalah: A Substantial Effort to Overcome Income and Wealth Inequality in Indonesia

Tholkhatul Khoir (1), Eman Sulaiman (2)
(1) Universitas Islam Negeri Walisongo Semarang
(2) Universitas Islam Negeri Walisongo Semarang
Fulltext View | Download
How to cite (SHIRKAH) :
Khoir, T., & Sulaiman, E. (2024). Maá¹£laḥah Mursalah: A Substantial Effort to Overcome Income and Wealth Inequality in Indonesia. Shirkah: Journal of Economics and Business, 9(3), 360–377. https://doi.org/10.22515/shirkah.v9i3.716

Income and wealth inequality in Indonesia persists despite efforts by central and local governments to address it. Maṣlaḥah mursalah provides a strong theoretical foundation for creating policies that are both religious and highly beneficial. This study aims to explain the history of using maṣlaḥah mursalah in income and wealth policies, provide evidence of income and wealth inequality in Indonesia, and explore the potential of using maṣlaḥah mursalah to address this inequality. This study examines two key facts: the history of maṣlaḥah mursalah's policies on income and wealth, and income and wealth inequality in Indonesia. They were obtained from Arabic uṣūl al-fiqh literature and the analysis of the Gini ratio and palm index. The data were compared to determine the most urgent policy needs and the possibility of using maṣlaḥah mursalah as the basis. This study found that maṣlaḥah mursalah has been widely used in income and wealth distribution policies. Since income and wealth inequality in Indonesia still exists and continues to increase in the ratio, maṣlaḥah mursalah will likely be the basis of settlement policy. This study aims to provide a robust theoretical foundation for the Indonesian government to design and implement maṣlaḥah mursalah-based policies to address income and wealth inequality, including human capital development, labour market opening for women, labour rights protection, improved access to finance, social transfer programs, zakat and tax optimisation, housing policy reform, and increased transparency and corruption eradication.

Adinugraha, H. H., & Mashudi, M. (2018). Al-Maslahah Al-Mursalah dalam penentuan hukum islam. Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi Islam, 4(01), 63–75,. https://doi.org/10.29040/jiei.v4i01.140

Aguiar-Conraria, L., Magalhães, P. C., & Veiga, F. J. (2019). Transparency, policy outcomes, and incumbent support. Kyklos, 72(3), 357–380. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/kykl.12203

Ahyani, H., Mutmainah, N., & Slamet, M. (2023). The relevance of allocation and distribution of income in the Islamic economic perspective in Indonesia. Islamiconomic: Jurnal Ekonomi Islam, 14(1), 19–39. https://doi.org/10.32678/ijei.v14i1.329

Akhmad, A., & Susamto. (2023). Subsidized health insurance impact among the poor: Evidence on out-of-pocket health expenditures in Indonesia. Jurnal Ekonomi & Studi Pembangunan, 24(1), 198–211. https://doi.org/10.18196/jesp.v24i1.17420

Al-BÅ«á¹­Ä«. (1965). á¸awÄbiá¹­ al-Maá¹£laḥah. Mu’assasah al-RisÄlah. https://dn790006.ca.archive.org/0/items/waq31187/31187.pdf

Al-Ä¢azÄlÄ«. (1992). al-Mustaá¹£fÄ. al-MadÄ«nah al-Munawwarah. https://ia902501.us.archive.org/9/items/FP154688/154688.pdf

Al-ZuḥailÄ«, W. (2019). Usul al-Fiqh al-IslÄmÄ« (Juz 2, ed.). DÄr al-Fikr. https://perpustakaanislamdigital.com/pdf/uf_ktmpr_18.pdf

Alstadsæter, A., Johannesen, N., Le Guern Herry, S., & Zucman, G. (2022). Tax evasion and tax avoidance. Journal of Public Economics, 206, 104587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2021.104587

Arham, M. A., & Hatu, R. (2020). Does village fund transfer address the issue of inequality and poverty? A lesson from Indonesia. Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 7(10), 433–442. https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2020.vol7.no10.433

Asteriou, D., Pilbeam, K., & Tomuleasa, I. (2021). The impact of corruption, economic freedom, regulation and transparency on bank profitability and bank stability: Evidence from the Eurozone area. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 184, 150–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2020.08.023

Azali, R., & Harsanti, T. (2022). Analisis determinan status kemiskinan rumah tangga sektor pertanian di Nusa Tenggara Timur Tahun 2020. Seminar Nasional Official Statistics. https://doi.org/10.34123/semnasoffstat.v2022i1.1256

Bala, S., & Khurania, M. (2023). Role of TVET in reducing gender inequality: A review of the literature. In Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Efforts of Businesses in Rural Areas (pp. 71–88). https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-6878-4.ch005

Barucca, P. (2020). A fair governance: On inequality, power and democracy. Topoi, 4(40), 765–770. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11245-020-09697-z

Bormasa, M. F. (2023). Menjembatani jurang sosial: Kegiatan dalam meningkatkan akses dan kesetaraan dalam konservasi lingkungan di daerah terisolasi (Studi di Kabupaten Sukabumi). Jurnal Pengabdian West Science, 2(6), 468–476. https://doi.org/10.58812/jpws.v2i6.452

Brooks, J. R. (2018). The Definitions of Income. Tax Law Review, 71, 253–309,. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2928972

Cairney, P., Keating, M., Kippin, S., & Denny, E. St. (2022). Inequalities policies in practice: Subnational strategies and choices. In P. Cairney, M. Keating, S. Kippin, & E. St Denny (Eds.), Public Policy to Reduce Inequalities across Europe: Hope Versus Reality (pp. 71–85). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192898586.003.0005

Cociña, C. (2021). Housing as urbanism: the role of housing policies in reducing inequalities. Lessons from Puente Alto, Chile. Housing Studies, 36(9), 1490–1512. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673037.2018.1543797

Cowell, F., Nolan, B., Olivera, J., & Kerm, P. Van. (2017). Wealth, top incomes, and inequality. In National Wealth: What is Missing, Why it Matters (pp. 175–204). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803720.003.0008

De Silva, I., & Sumarto, S. (2014). Does economic growth really benefit the poor? Income distribution dynamics and pro-poor growth in Indonesia. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 50(2), 227–242. https://doi.org/10.1080/00074918.2014.938405

Dhungel, K. R. (2022). Income inequality in Nepal. Law and Economy, 1(3), 51–54. https://doi.org/10.56397/le.2022.10.04

Didier, N. (2021). Does the expansion of higher education reduce gender gaps in the labour market? Evidence from a natural experiment. International Journal of Educational Development, 86, 102467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2021.102467

Din, N., Mohd Rosdi, M. S., Ismail, M., Muhammad, M. Z., & Mukhtar, D. (2019). Contributions of Asnaf entrepreneurs in zakat of business: A revisiting based on turning over model. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 9(9), 744–752. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v9-i9/6366

Diono, M. (2016). Analisis terhadap perubahan ketentuan penggunaan tenaga kerja asing melalui teori maslahah mursalah. Jurisdictie, 7(1), 33–43. https://doi.org/10.18860/j.v7i1.3677

Dluhopolskyi, O., & Zhukovska, A. (2023). Inclusive development as an instrument to overcome economic inequality and discrimination. ECONOMICS, 11(1), 11–27. https://doi.org/doi:10.2478/eoik-2023-0016

Duarte, P. (2020). How Much of Today’s Inequality is Unfair? https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:221507061

Erni, H., Suparjo, S., & Ratih, L. (2023). Housing regulations for low-income people in Indonesia. International Journal of Environmental, Sustainability and Social Science, 4(1), 240–249. https://doi.org/10.38142/ijesss.v4i1.499

Gibson, L. (2017). Towards a More Equal Indonesia: How the government can take action to close the gap between the richest and the rest. Oxfam. http://hdl.handle.net/10546/620192

Gizachew, M. (2020). Review article on determinant of income inequality: An evidence based approach. Journal of World Economic Research, 9(1), 33–42. https://doi.org/10.11648/J.JWER.20200901.15

Goh, L. T., Law, S., & Trinugroho, I. (2022). Human capital development and income inequality in Indonesia: Evidence from a nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) analysis. Cogent Economics & Finance, 10(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2022.2129372

Guillermo, P. (2010). Income nonresponse and inequality measurement. Revista de Analisis Economico – Economic Analysis Review, 25(2), 193–221. https://ideas.repec.org/a/ila/anaeco/v25y2010i2p193-221.html

Haddad, B. M., & Solomon, B. D. (2023). Income inequality. In Dictionary of Ecological Economics (p. 284). https://doi.org/10.4337/9781788974912.I.9

Hakim, A., Ahmad, R., & Jaafar, S. (2023). The methodology of reforming islamic law fatwa bahthul masail nahdhatu ulama in family planning (KB) in Indonesia by the Maqasid Sharia Approach. AL-MANHAJ: Jurnal Hukum Dan Pranata Sosial Islam, 5(1), 939–952. https://doi.org/10.37680/almanhaj.v5i1.2934

Haliim, W., & Purba, D. (2023). Social and bureaucratic problems in social policy implementation in Indonesia: A study on the Program Keluarga Harapan (PKH). Jurnal Mediasosian : Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Administrasi Negara, 7(1), 105–129. https://doi.org/10.30737/mediasosian.v7i1.4533

Handayani, B. D., Yanto, H., Pujiati, A., Ridzuan, A. R., Keshminder, J. S., & Shaari, M. S. (2022). The implication of energy consumption, corruption, and foreign investment for sustainability of income distribution in indonesia. Sustainability, 14(23), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142315915

Hasanudin, H., Mubarok, J., & Maulana, M. A.-F. (2023). Progressiveness of Islamic economic law in Indonesia: The MurÄ‘at Al-‘Ilal wa Al-Maá¹£Äliḥ Approach. Samarah : Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Dan Hukum Islam, 7(2), 1267–1292. https://doi.org/10.22373/sjhk.v7i2.17601

Herdifa, P., & Johari. (2022). Hukum islam dan nuansa feminisme dalam klaster ketenagakerjaan Undang-Undang Omnibus Law. Jurnal Studi Gender Dan Anak, 9(2), 163–180. https://doi.org/10.32678/jsga.v9i02.6874

Hornok, C., & Raeskyesa, D. G. S. (2023). Economic zones and local income inequality: Evidence from Indonesia. The Journal of Economic Inequality, 22, 69-100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10888-023-09581-x

Ihsani, S., & Rohman, M. (2022). Distribusi pendapatan dan kemiskinan di indonesia: Kasus kebijakan sentralisasi, desentralisasi, dan pandemi Covid-19. Jurnal Ekonomi-Qu, 12(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.35448/jequ.v12i1.16292

Ija, T. (2019). Measuring income inequality. The IZA World of Labor, 462, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.15185/IZAWOL.462

Ishak, K. (2014). Pemikiran Al-Syatibi tentang maslahah mursalah dan implementasinya dalam pengembangan ekonomi syariah. Iqtishaduna, 3(2), 820–838. https://www.neliti.com/publications/314744/pemikiran-al-syatibi-tentang-maslahah-mursalah-dan-implementasinya-dalam-pengemb#cite

Kausik, B. N. (2022). Income inequality, cause and cure. Challenge, 65(3–4), 93–105. https://doi.org/10.1080/05775132.2022.2046883

Khan, M. A., & Nuryanah, S. (2023). Combating tax aggressiveness: Evidence from Indonesia’s tax amnesty program. Cogent Economics & Finance, 11(2), 2229177. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2023.2229177

La Ode, F. (2023). The phenomenon of corruption and efforts to combat corruption in Indonesia. Jurnal Multidisiplin Madani, 3, 381–391. https://doi.org/10.55927/mudima.v3i2.2437

Lai, Z., & Wu, J. (2023). Monetary Policy Transparency and real exchange rate adjustment. Review of International Economics, 3(31), 1173–1198. https://doi.org/10.1111/roie.12659

Lopez, J. C. (2022). Will increasing housing supply reduce urban inequality? International Regional Science Review, 45(4), 383–416. https://doi.org/10.1177/01600176211056232

Mahardhika, D. (2023). Socio-economical characteristics and determinants of Indonesian national health insurance subsidized by the government in Jakarta. Medical Clinical Update, 2(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.58376/mcu.v2i1.20

Makuluni, F. E., & Dunga, H. M. (2022). The impact of access to credit on welfare inequality in Malawi. Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai Oeconomica, 67(2), 50–66. https://doi.org/doi:10.2478/subboec-2022-0009

Malleson, T. (2023). Is it feasible to reduce inequality?: Income tax and market regulations. In T. Malleson (Ed.), Against Inequality: The Practical and Ethical Case for Abolishing the Superrich (p. 0). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197670392.003.0002

Masrifah, A. R., & Firdaus, A. (2016). The framework of maslahah performa as wealth management system and its implication for public policy objectives. Media Syari’ah Wahana Kajian Hukum Islam Dan Pranata Sosial, 18(2). https://doi.org/10.22373/jms.v18i2.1916

Michael, S., Ambotang, A. S., Nazarudin, M. N., & Andin, C. (2021). Status sosioekonomi: Satu cabaran penglibatan pelajar dalam aktiviti kokurikulum sekolah menengah. Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (Mjssh), 6(6), 178–186. https://doi.org/10.47405/mjssh.v6i6.805

Mishra, V. K., & Khan, K. (2023). Determinants of discrimination in access to housing for marginalised social groups in India. Journal of Social Inclusion Studies, 9(1), 7–26. https://doi.org/10.1177/23944811231169194

Muhammad, M. Z., Din, N., Abdullah, A., Doktoralina, C., & Abdullah, A. (2023). The spiritual’s post-covid asnaf entrepreneurs toward zakat on business. KnE Social Sciences, 8(12). 656–661. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v8i12.13713

Mulyanto, J., Kringos, D. S., & Kunst, A. E. (2019). Socioeconomic inequalities in healthcare utilisation in Indonesia: a comprehensive survey-based overview. BMJ Open, 9(7), e026164. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026164

Mutmainah, S. (2023). Optimization of productive zakat as an effort to empower the economy of the people. Empowering Humanity, 1(1), 38–53. https://doi.org/10.58765/emhum.v1i1.107

Nizar, N. I., Nuryartono, N., Juanda, B., & Fauzi, A. (2023). Can knowledge and culture eradicate poverty and reduce income inequality? The evidence from Indonesia. Journal of the Knowledge Economy. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-023-01398-3

Nokulunga, M. (2022). Impacts of overall financial development, access and depth on income inequality. Economies, 10(5), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies10050118

Norton, M. I., & Ariely, D. (2011). Building a better America—one wealth quintile at a time". Perspectives on Psychological Science(1, 1(6), 9–12. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691610393524

Nur, I., & Dwi, Y. (2022). Konsep mashlahah mursalah perspektif ekonomi islam. Studia Economica: Jurnal Ekonomi Islam, 8(2). 312-326. https://doi.org/10.30821/se.v8i2.13832

Nur, Y. (2022). The impact of people’s business credit program, minimum wage, and investment on Indonesian poverty. FWU Journal of Social Sciences, 16(2). https://doi.org/10.51709/19951272/summer2022/9

Nurkholidah, S., Andala, A., & Amalia, R. (2022). Tinjauan maslahah mursalah terhadap perlindungan tenaga kerja dalam UU Cipta Kerja. ASAS, 14(1), 34–40. https://doi.org/10.24042/asas.v14i01.13140

Patel, H. (2023). Analysis of tax avoidance crimes according to Tax Law and Criminal Law in Indonesia. Journal Transnational Universal Studies, 1, 15–22. https://doi.org/10.58631/jtus.v1i1.3

Patih, H. (2022). Penerapan maslahah mursalah dalam pengeolaan zakat profesi pada BAZNAS Kabupaten Tuban. Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi Islam, 8(1), 770–780. https://doi.org/10.29040/jiei.v8i1.4287

Prihatiningtyastuti, E., Dayaram, K., & Burgess, J. (2022). Examining gender mainstreaming in Indonesia: a feminist policy analysis. In A Field Guide to Managing Diversity, Equality and Inclusion in Organisations (pp. 163–177). https://doi.org/10.4337/9781800379008.00024

Priyono, A. F., Pitriyan, P., Heriyaldi, H., & Maipita, I. (2019). Credit expansion and its impact on income inequality of the provinces in Indonesia. Jurnal Economia, 15(1), 82-95. https://doi.org/10.21831/economia.v15i1.23710

Pudryk, D., Bohiv, Y., & Shpak, N. (2020). Anti-corruption agenda for state geocadastre of Ukraine by 2030 in the context of transparency of public finance. Baltic Journal of Economic Studies, 6(1), 113–117. https://doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2020-6-1-113-117

Qadir, A., & Gassing., M. (2023). The effectiveness of child protection through marriage dispensation policy in maslÄḥah perspective. American Journal of Society and Law, 2(2), 20–28. https://doi.org/10.54536/ajsl.v2i2.1395

Qadri, R. A., & Jauhari, R. (2020). Desain kerangka konseptual balanced score card pada lembaga riset pemerintah. Jurnal Pajak Dan Keuangan Negara (Pkn), 1(2), 19–37. https://doi.org/10.31092/jpkn.v1i2.786

Qorib, A., & Harahap, I. (2016). Penerapan maslahah mursalah dalam ekonomi Islam. Journal Analitica Islamica, 5(1), 55–80. https://doi.org/10.30829/jai.v5i1.480

Ramadhan, M. N., & Sebayang, A. F. (2022). Strategi penyediaan perumahan masyarakat berpenghasilan rendah (MBR) Kota Cilegon. Bandung Conference Series Economics Studies, 2(1). 35-42. https://doi.org/10.29313/bcses.v2i1.553

Redmond, P., Doorley, K., & McGuinness, S. (2020). The impact of a minimum wage change on the distribution of wages and household income. Oxford Economic Papers, 3(73), 1034–1056. https://doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpaa048

Rini, G., Suciptawati, N., & Ari Utari, I. A. (2022). Identifikasi faktor yang memengaruhi gini ratio di Indonesia. E-Jurnal Matematika, 11(3), 160–166. https://doi.org/10.24843/MTK.2022.v11.i03.p376

Ritu, S., & Surbhi, C. (2019). How gender integration can reduce the income-inequality gap. The Australasian Accounting Business and Finance Journal, 13(2), 32–52. https://doi.org/10.14453/AABFJ.V13I2.3

Rizaldy, M. R., & Ahmed, H. (2019). Islamic legal methodologies and shariah screening standards: Application in the Indonesian stock market. Thunderbird International Business Review, 61(5), 793–805. https://doi.org/10.1002/tie.22042

Rosalina, H., & Bahri, S. E. (2022). Optimizing disbursement of zakat funds for Asnaf entrepreneurs. ITQAN: Journal of Islamic Economics, Management, and Finance, 1(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.57053/itqan.v1i1.1

Roshan, S., & Maran MS, T. (2023). Enhancing labour policies: Ensuring fair treatment for contract labourers. International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research, 5(3), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2023.v05i03.3434

Rusyd, I. (1998). BidÄyah al-Mujtahid,. DÄr al-Khuá¸airÄ«. https://ia904700.us.archive.org/23/items/FP38976/01_38976.pdf

Safuan, S., Habibullah, M., & Sugandi, E. (2022). Eradicating tax evasion in Indonesia through financial sector development. Cogent Economics & Finance, 10(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2022.2114167

Saxton, G. W. (2021). Governance quality, fairness perceptions, and satisfaction with democracy in latin america". Latin American Politics and Society, 2(63), 122–145. https://doi.org/10.1017/lap.2021.8

Shofiyah, Z., & Ghozali, M. L. (2021). Implementasi konsep maslahah mursalah dalam mekanisme pasar. Al-Mustashfa Jurnal Penelitian Hukum Ekonomi Syariah, 6(2), 135–146. https://doi.org/10.24235/jm.v6i2.8031

Sihombing, R., & Pardomuan. (2019). Does the gap between east and west still exist? A study of Indonesia’s disparities. Udayana Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, [S.L, 3(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.24843/UJoSSH.2019.v03.i01.p01

Soseco, T. (2018). The composition and distribution of household wealth in Indonesia. Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Studi Pembangunan, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.17977/um002v10i22018p153

Soseco, T., Olivia, S., & Oxley, L. (2023). Interprovincial wealth inequality by factor components in Indonesia. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 0(ja), 1–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/00074918.2023.2225243

Sulthon, M. (2023). Mashlahah sebagai tujuan inti pembentukan hukum islam. Jurnal Darussalam: Jurnal Pendidikan, Komunikasi Dan Pemikiran Hukum Islam, 14(2), 39–55. https://doi.org/10.30739/darussalam.v14i2.2024

Sunaryo, S., & Nur, A. (2022). Legal policy of anti-corruption supervisor design: A new anti-corruption model in Indonesia. BESTUUR, 10(2), 137–158. https://doi.org/10.20961/bestuur.v10i2.65105

Sururi, A., Rusli, B., Widianingsih, I., & Ismanto, S. (2022). Housing policy for low-income communities in Indonesia and its reforms: An overview. Public Policy and Administration, 21(1), 158–174. https://doi.org/10.5755/j01.ppaa.21.1.30151

Syadullah, M., Adriansyah, B. G., & Wibowo, T. (2019). Impact of economic and non-economic factors on income inequality in ASEAN countries. Asian Economic and Financial Review, 9(12), 1346–1357. https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.aefr.2019.912.1346.1357

Taniguchi, K., & Tuwo, A. (2014). New evidence on the gender wage gap in Indonesia. Asian Development Bank Economics Working Paper Series, 404. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2512096

Uspri, B., Karimi, S., Indrawari, I., & Ridwan, E. (2023). The effect of inflation on income inequality: Evidence from a non-linear dynamic panel data analysis in indonesia. Decision Science Letters, 12, 639–648. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.dsl.2023.4.001

van der Zwet, A. (2023). Public policy to reduce inequalities across Europe: Hope versus reality. Regional Studies, 57(5), 976. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2023.2170566

Venkatasubramanian, V., Luo, Y., & Sethuraman, J. (2015). How much inequality in income is fair? A microeconomic game theoretic perspective. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications, 435, 120–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2015.04.014

Wagle, U. R. (2023). Concepts and measurements of economic inequality. In Research Handbook on Poverty and Inequality (pp. 68–87). https://doi.org/10.4337/9781800882300.00011

Wang, C., Caminada, K., & Goudswaard, K. (2012). The redistributive effect of social transfer programmes and taxes: A decomposition across countries. International Social Security Review, 65(3), 27–48. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-246X.2012.01435.x

Wardhana, A., Kharisma, B., & Fauzy, M. (2023). Determinan ketimpangan pendidikan provinsi di Indonesia. Jurnal Perspektif, 21, 101–111. https://doi.org/10.31294/jp.v21i1.15610

Warman, A. B., Hayati, R. F., & Nabilah, W. (2023). Harmonization of islamic economic law with local culture: Study of the Petatah-Petitih Minangkabau. Tafáqquh: Jurnal Penelitian Dan Kajian Keislaman, 11(1), 162–178. https://doi.org/10.52431/tafaqquh.v11i1.1746

Wicaksono, E., Amir, H., & Nugroho, A. (2017). The sources of income inequality in Indonesia: A regression-based inequality decomposition. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:56099843

Widodo, A. (2019). The role of integrated Islamic commercial and social finance in reducing income inequality in Indonesia. Journal of Islamic Monetary Economics and Finance, 5(2), 263–286. https://doi.org/10.21098/jimf.v5i2.1063

Wijaya, T. (2023). The Rise of Innovative Credit Scoring System in Indonesia: Assessing Risks and Policy Challenges. Center for Indonesian Policy Studies. https://doi.org/10.35497/560780

Wike, J., Muhammad, A., Muhammad, G., & Wibowo. (2022). Determinants of income inequality villages and cities in Indonesia. Journal of Development Economics, 7(2), 266–279. https://doi.org/10.20473/jde.v7i2.33980

Wulandari, R. (2020). The imposition of tax on inheritance in Indonesia. Scientax, 2(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.52869/st.v2i1.37

Yusuf, H. (2020). Maslahah al-Mursalah dalam kehidupan berbangsa dan bernegara (Perspektf NU dan ulamÄ MazdhÄhib aL-ArbÄ’ah. Al-Maslahah Jurnal Imu Syariah, 16(1). 144-176. https://doi.org/10.24260/AL-MASLAHAH.V16I1.1566

Zakharkina, L., & Chukhno, R. (2022). Theoretical principles of ensuring the transparency of financial relations at different levels of the economic structure. Vìsnik Sumsʹkogo Deržavnogo Unìversitetu, 2022(2), 67–73. https://doi.org/10.21272/1817-9215.2022.2-7

Copyright

Copyright aims to protect the specific way the article has been written to describe an experiment and the results. Shirkah: Journal of Economics and Business is committed to its authors to protect and defend their work and their reputation and takes allegations of infringement, plagiarism, ethical disputes, and fraud very seriously. Automotive Experiences is published under the terms of the Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication (online and print) with the work simultaneously. We use the restrictive license (non-commercial) as follows:

BY (attribution): Users are allowed to share, distribute and redistribute the published article in any medium or format, with an identification of the authors and its initial publication in this journal. Authors are encouraged to post and distribute their articles immediately after publication (e.g., institutional or public repositories, personal websites). Authors are allowed to enter into additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the published and an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
NC (non-commercial): Users are not allowed to use the article commercially without the permission of the authors. Authors agree explicitly that the published article is indexed worldwide in databases, repositories and indexation services, even if these services operate on a commercial basis. Authors grant Shirkah: Journal of Economics and Business explicit the right to include the published articles in databases, repositories and indexation services. 

License

License to Publish

The non-commercial use of the article will be governed by the Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). The author hereby grants Shirkah: Journal of Economics and Business an exclusive publishing and distribution license in the manuscript include tables, illustrations or other material submitted for publication as part of the manuscript (the “Article”) in print, electronic and all other media (whether now known or later developed), in any form, in all languages, throughout the world, for the full term of copyright, and the right to license others to do the same, effective when the article is accepted for publication. This license includes the right to enforce the rights granted hereunder against third parties.

Author's Warranties

The author warrants that the article is original, written by stated author/s, has not been published before, contains no unlawful statements, does not infringe the rights of others, is subject to copyright that is vested exclusively in the author and free of any third party rights, and that any necessary written permissions to quote from other sources have been obtained by the author(s).

User Rights

Under the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, the author(s) and users are free to share (copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format) and adapt (remix, transform, and build upon the material). Users must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made.

Rights of Authors

Authors retain the following rights:

  1. Copyright, and other proprietary rights relating to the article, such as patent rights,
  2. The right to use the substance of the article in future own works, including lectures and books,
  3. The right to reproduce the article for own purposes, provided the copies are not offered for sale, and
  4. The right to self-archive the article.

Co-Authorship

If the article was prepared jointly with other authors, the signatory of this form warrants that he/she has been authorized by all co-authors to sign this agreement on their behalf, and agrees to inform his/her co-authors of the terms of this agreement.

Royalties

This agreement entitles the author to no royalties or other fees. To such extent as legally permissible, the author waives his or her right to collect royalties relative to the article in respect of any use of the article by Shirkah: Journal of Economics and Business or its sublicensee.

Miscellaneous

Shirkah: Journal of Economics and Business will publish the article (or have it published) in the Journal if the article’s editorial process is successfully completed and Shirkah: Journal of Economics and Business or its sublicensee has become obligated to have the article published. Shirkah: Journal of Economics and Business may conform the article to a style of punctuation, spelling, capitalization, and usage that it deems appropriate.