Stress and Job Performance of Healthcare Workers amidst COVID-19 Pandemic: The Mediating Role of Burnout

Tri Siwi Agustina (1), Putri Dian Rarastanti (2), Arif Fatah Hidayat (3)
(1) Postgraduate School, Universitas Airlangga
(2) Postgraduate School, Universitas Airlangga
(3) Postgraduate School, Universitas Airlangga
Fulltext View | Download
How to cite (IJASEIT) :
Agustina, T. S., Rarastanti, P. D., & Hidayat, A. F. (2021). Stress and Job Performance of Healthcare Workers amidst COVID-19 Pandemic: The Mediating Role of Burnout. Shirkah: Journal of Economics and Business, 6(3), 315–335. https://doi.org/10.22515/shirkah.v6i3.379

Healthcare workers in hospitals are one of the frontliners in handling the COVID-19 issue. However, previous studies were mostly directed on doctors and nurses, albeit many other workers are involved in managing the COVID-19 issue at a hospital. Physical and mental work pressures in performing their jobs and responsibilities potentially affect their performance. This study aims to shed some light on the direct influence of job stress on the job performance of healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic with burnout as a mediating variable. This study make use of a cross-sectional approach by employing a questionnaire to gather the data from 194 healthcare workers at Aisyiyah Ponorogo General Hospital Indonesia. Drawing on the Structural Equation Modeling Partial Least Square, the results reveal that (1) job stress has a negative influence on the job performance of the healthcare workers, (2) job stress is proven to have a positive effect on the burnout of the healthcare workers, and (3) burnout is found to partially mediate the effect of job stress on the job performance of the healthcare workers. By referring to the compelling results, valuable suggestions are offered to the hospital managers and further related studies. This study’s results further contribute to providing recommendations for the hospital management as well as the government concerning on factors affecting the healthcare workers’ job performance, especially at the age of a crisis such as the COVID-19 pandemic.

Abdillah, W., & Jogiyanto, H. (2015). Partial Least Square (PLS). Yogyakarta: Penerbit Andi.

Alsulimani, L. K., Farhat, A. M., Borah, R. A., AlKhalifah, J. A., Alyaseen, S. M., Alghamdi, S. M., & Bajnaid, M. J. (2021). Health care worker burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic. Saudi Medical Journal, 42(3), 306–314. https://doi.org/10.15537/smj.2021.42.3.20200812

Artiningsih, A., & Chisan, F. K. (2020). Burnout Dan Komitmen Terhadap Tugas: Tantangan Tenaga Medis Dalam Menghadapi Pandemi COVID-19. Seminar Nasional LP3M Universitas Negeri Surabaya, 199–203.

Bakker, A. B., Le Blanc, P. M., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2005). Burnout contagion among intensive care nurses. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 51(3), 276–287. https://doi.org/ /10.1111/j.1365-2648.2005.03494.x

Bhatnagar, V., Poonia, R. C., Nagar, P., Kumar, S., Singh, V., Raja, L., & Dass, P. (2021). Descriptive analysis of COVID-19 patients in the context of India. Journal of Interdisciplinary Mathematics, 24(3), 489-504. https://doi.org/10.1080/09720502.2020.1761635

Deng, J., Guo, Y., Ma, T., Yang, T., & Tian, X. (2019). How job stress influences job performance among Chinese healthcare workers: A cross-sectional study. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine, 24(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12199-018-0758-4

Elshaer, N. S. M., Moustafa, M. S. A., Aiad, M. W., & Ramadan, M. I. E. (2018). Job Stress and Burnout Syndrome among Critical Care Healthcare Workers. Alexandria Journal of Medicine, 54(3), 273–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajme.2017.06.004

Embriaco, N., Papazian, L., Kentish-Barnes, N., Pochard, F., & Azoulay, E. (2007). Burnout syndrome among critical care healthcare workers. Current Opinion in Critical Care, 13(5), 482–488. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/MCC.0b013e3282efd28a

Greenberg, N., Docherty, M., Gnanapragasam, S., & Wessely, S. (2020). Managing mental health challenges faced by healthcare workers during COVID-19 pandemic. BMJ, 368. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1211

Handayani, R. T., Kuntari, S., Darmayanti, A. T., Widiyanto, A., & Atmojo, J. T. (2020). Factors Causing Stress in Health and Community When the COVID-19 Pandemic. Jurnal Keperawatan Jiwa, 8(3), 353. https://doi.org/10.26714/jkj.8.3.2020.353-360

Hastuti, R., & Timming, A. R. (2021). An inter-disciplinary review of the literature on mental illness disclosure in the workplace: implications for human resource management. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 32(15), 3302-3338. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2021.1875494

Hira, H., & Amelia, T. (2020). Healthcare Workers Security: Jaminan, Regulasi, dan Sanksi. Khatulistiwa Law Review, 1(2), 109–129.

Humas FKUI. (2020, September). 83% Tenaga Kesehatan Indonesia Mengalami Burnout Syndrome Derajat Sedang Dan Berat Selama Masa Pandemi COVID-19. https://Fk.Ui.Ac.Id/Berita/83-Tenaga-Kesehatan-Indonesia-Mengalami-Burnout-Syndrome-Derajat-Sedang-Dan-Berat-Selama-Masa-Pandemi-COVID-19.Html.

Ilpaj, S. M., & Nurwati, N. (2020). Analisis Pengaruh Tingkat Kematian Akibat COVID-19. Focus: Jurnal Pekerjaan Sosial, 3(1), 16–28. https://doi.org/10.24198/focus.v3i1.28123

Iswanto, A. H. (2020). Innovative work shift for health workers in the health service providers in handling COVID-19 cases. Kesmas, 15(2), 18–23. https://doi.org/10.21109/KESMAS.V15I2.3949

Kisa, S. (2020). Burnout among Physicians and Nurses during COVID-19 Pandemic. European Journal of Environment and Public Health, 4(2), em0055. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejeph/8447

Kisely, S., Warren, N., McMahon, L., Dalais, C., Henry, I., & Siskind, D. (2020). Occurrence, prevention, and management of the psychological effects of emerging virus outbreaks on healthcare workers: rapid review and meta-analysis. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.), 369, m1642. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1642

Kusumawardani, D. A., Nurika, G., & Luthfiyana, N. U. (2020). The Mental Health of Medical Workers During the Covid19 Pandemic: How Do We Manage It? Jurnal Kesehatan Lingkungan, 12(1), 21-28. https://doi.org/10.20473/jkl.v12i1si.2020.21-28

Mangkunegara, A. A. A. . (2017). Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia Perusahaan. Bandung: Penerbit Remaja Rosdakarya.

Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W., & Leiter, M. (2017). Job Burnout. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 397–422.

Maunder, R. G., Lancee, W. J., Balderson, K. E., Bennett, J. P., Borgundvaag, B., Evans, S., Fernandes, C. M. B., Goldbloom, D. S., Gupta, M., Hunter, J. J., Hall, L. M. G., Nagle, L. M., Pain, C., Peczeniuk, S. S., Raymond, G., Read, N., Rourke, S. B., Steinberg, R. J., Stewart, T. E. & Wasylenki, D. A. (2006). Long-term psychological and occupational effects of providing hospital healthcare during SARS outbreak. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 12(12), 1924–1932. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1212.060584

Mubaroq, S., & Insyiroh, I. M. (2020). Teknologi Kecerdasan Buatan, Big Data Analysis, Dan Internet of Things: Potensi Dan Perannya Dalam Penanganan COVID-19 Di Indonesia. Jurnal Kependudukan Indonesia, (Special Issue), 109-114. https://doi.org/10.14203/jki.v0i0.580

Nabirye, R., Katleen, C., Pryor, E., & Maples, E. (2011). Occupational stress, job satisfaction and job performance among hospital nurses in Kampala Uganda. Journal of Noursing Management, 19(6), 760–768.

Nasrullah, D., Natsir, M., Twistiandayani, R. R. L., Siswanto, Sumartyawati, N.M Hasanah, U., & Direja, A. H. (2020). Dampak Psikologis Tenaga Kesehatan dalam Upaya Menghadapi Pandemi Corona Virus (COVID-19) di Indonesia. Kementerian Riset Dan Teknologi - Badan Riset Dan Inovasi Nasional Republik Indonesia. https://sinta.ristekbrin.go.id

Nguyen, N. P. T., Le, D. D., Colebunders, R., Siewe Fodjo, J. N., Tran, T. D., & Van Vo, T. (2021). Stress and associated factors among frontline healthcare workers in the COVID-19 epicenter of Da Nang city, Vietnam. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(14), 73-78. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147378

Ponorogo.go.id. (2021). Pasien Terkonfirmasi COVID-19 Meningkat, Banyak Nakes Terpapar. Pemkab Ponorogo. https://ponorogo.go.id/2021/01/07/pasien-terkonfirmasi-meningkat-banyak-nakes-terpapar-COVID-19/

Rizal, J. G. (2020, December 29). Sudah 507 Nakes meninggal Karena COVID-19, Terbanyak Di Bulan Desember. https://Kompas.Com/Tren/Read/2020/12/-29/130000965/Sudah-507-Nakes-Meninggal-Karena-COVID-19-Terbanyak-Di-Bulan-Desember.

Robbins, S., & Judge, T. A. (2015). Perilaku Organisasi (16th ed.). Jakarta: Penerbit Salemba Empat.

Rosyanti, L., & Hadi, I. (2020). Dampak Psikologis dalam Memberikan Perawatan dan Layanan Kesehatan Pasien COVID-19 pada Tenaga Profesional Kesehatan. Health Information : Jurnal Penelitian, 12(1), 107–130. https://doi.org/10.36990/hijp.vi.191

Shah, K., Chaudhari, G., Kamrai, D., Lail, A., & Patel, R. S. (2020). How Essential Is to Focus on Physician’s Health and Burnout in Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic? Cureus, 12(4), 10–12. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.7538

Syafrida, S., & Hartati, R. (2020). Bersama Melawan Virus Covid 19 di Indonesia. SALAM: Jurnal Sosial Dan Budaya Syar-I, 7(6), 495–508. https://doi.org/10.15408/sjsbs.v7i6.15325

Talaee, N., Varahram, M., Jamaati, H., Salimi, A., Attarchi, M., Dizaj, M. K., Sadr, M., Hassani, S., Farzanegan, B., Monjazeb, F., & Seyedmehdi, S. M. (2020). Stress and burnout in health care workers during COVID-19 pandemic: validation of a questionnaire. Journal of Public Health: From Theory to Practice, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10389-020-01313-z

Winurini, S. (2020). Permasalahan Kesehatan Mental Akibat Pandemi COVID-19. Info Singkat: Kajian Singkat Terhadap Isu Aktual Dan Strategis, 12(15), 13–18.

Yamin, S., & Kurniawan, H. (2011). Generasi baru Mengolah Data Penelitian Partial Least Square Path Modelling (1st ed.). Jakarta: Salemba Empat.

Copyright

Copyright aims to protect the specific way the article has been written to describe an experiment and the results. Shirkah: Journal of Economics and Business is committed to its authors to protect and defend their work and their reputation and takes allegations of infringement, plagiarism, ethical disputes, and fraud very seriously. Automotive Experiences is published under the terms of the Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication (online and print) with the work simultaneously. We use the restrictive license (non-commercial) as follows:

BY (attribution): Users are allowed to share, distribute and redistribute the published article in any medium or format, with an identification of the authors and its initial publication in this journal. Authors are encouraged to post and distribute their articles immediately after publication (e.g., institutional or public repositories, personal websites). Authors are allowed to enter into additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the published and an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
NC (non-commercial): Users are not allowed to use the article commercially without the permission of the authors. Authors agree explicitly that the published article is indexed worldwide in databases, repositories and indexation services, even if these services operate on a commercial basis. Authors grant Shirkah: Journal of Economics and Business explicit the right to include the published articles in databases, repositories and indexation services. 

License

License to Publish

The non-commercial use of the article will be governed by the Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). The author hereby grants Shirkah: Journal of Economics and Business an exclusive publishing and distribution license in the manuscript include tables, illustrations or other material submitted for publication as part of the manuscript (the “Article”) in print, electronic and all other media (whether now known or later developed), in any form, in all languages, throughout the world, for the full term of copyright, and the right to license others to do the same, effective when the article is accepted for publication. This license includes the right to enforce the rights granted hereunder against third parties.

Author's Warranties

The author warrants that the article is original, written by stated author/s, has not been published before, contains no unlawful statements, does not infringe the rights of others, is subject to copyright that is vested exclusively in the author and free of any third party rights, and that any necessary written permissions to quote from other sources have been obtained by the author(s).

User Rights

Under the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, the author(s) and users are free to share (copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format) and adapt (remix, transform, and build upon the material). Users must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made.

Rights of Authors

Authors retain the following rights:

  1. Copyright, and other proprietary rights relating to the article, such as patent rights,
  2. The right to use the substance of the article in future own works, including lectures and books,
  3. The right to reproduce the article for own purposes, provided the copies are not offered for sale, and
  4. The right to self-archive the article.

Co-Authorship

If the article was prepared jointly with other authors, the signatory of this form warrants that he/she has been authorized by all co-authors to sign this agreement on their behalf, and agrees to inform his/her co-authors of the terms of this agreement.

Royalties

This agreement entitles the author to no royalties or other fees. To such extent as legally permissible, the author waives his or her right to collect royalties relative to the article in respect of any use of the article by Shirkah: Journal of Economics and Business or its sublicensee.

Miscellaneous

Shirkah: Journal of Economics and Business will publish the article (or have it published) in the Journal if the article’s editorial process is successfully completed and Shirkah: Journal of Economics and Business or its sublicensee has become obligated to have the article published. Shirkah: Journal of Economics and Business may conform the article to a style of punctuation, spelling, capitalization, and usage that it deems appropriate.