Charitable Behavior of Muslim in Indonesia during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Tobit Model Analysis
How to cite (IJASEIT) :
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a decline in social welfare. In such a situation, community philanthropy, including from the Muslim community, becomes critical. This study aims to explore the charitable behavior of Muslims in Indonesia during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Tobit regression was used to analyze data from online surveys to determine the pattern changes of donations during the pandemic as well as the factors affecting the amount of donation. This study uncovered that Zakat Management Organizations (BAZNAS and LAZ) were some of the main choices for distributing zakat and alms (sedekah) during the pandemic. It was found that the factors with a positive and significant effect on the probability of increasing the percentage of donations were education, length of stay, and expenses. The results of this study contribute to the policy of developing the Zakat Management Organization as institutions trusted by the community in distributing zakat funds. This study supports the fundraising of the zakat organizations in terms of offering valuable insights and clear description about the Indonesian people’s charitable behavior. More importantly, this study suggests that improving the quality of education is crucial to increase community awareness in performing Islamic philanthropy such as giving zakat, sedekah, and waqf.
Abdullahi, I. A., & Kumar, P. (2016). Gender differences in prosocial behaviour. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, 3(4), 171-175.
Aligarh, F., Nugroho, A., Raharja, B. S., Pratama, B. C., & Wirayuda, A. W. (2020). Do Individual Factors, Religiosity Factors, and Demographic Factors Predict Intention to Pay Zakat?. Al-Uqud: Journal of Islamic Economics, 5(1), 151–165. https://doi.org/10.26740/al-uqud.v5n1
Allen, S. (2018). The Science of Generosity. A white paper prepared for the John Templeton Foundation by the Greater Good Science Center at UC Berkeley
Al-Faizin, A. W., Insani, T. D., & Widiastuti, T. (2017). Zakat as an Obligatory System and its Implications for Social Psychology of Society (Social Tafsīr of Sūrah Al-Tawbah: 103). International Journal of Zakat, 2(2), 43–53.
Andreoni, J., Nikiforakis, N., & Stoop, J. (2021). Higher socioeconomic status does not predict decreased prosocial behavior in a field experiment. Nature communications, 12(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-24519-5
Amalia, K. M. (2012). Potensi Dan Peranan Zakat Dalam Mengentaskan Kemiskinan Di Kota Medan. Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Keuangan, 1(1), 70-87.
Asmalia, S., Kasri, R. A., & Ahsan, A. (2018). Exploring the Potential of Zakah for Supporting Realization of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in Indonesia. International Journal of Zakat, 3(4), 51–69. https://doi.org/10.37706/IJAZ.V3I4.106
Bekkers, R. and Wiepking, P. (2011). A literature review of empirical studies of philanthropy: Eight mechanisms that drive charitable giving. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 40(5), 924 – 973
Clotfelter, C. T., & Steuerle, C. E. (1981). Charitable con-tributions. In H. Aaron & J. Pechman (Eds.), How taxes affect economic behavior (pp. 404–437). Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
Fauzia, A. (2016). Filantropi Islam, Sejarah dan Konstelasi Masyarakat Sipil dan Negara di Indonesia. Yogyakarta: Gading Publishing.
Galea, S., & Abdalla, S. M. (2020). COVID-19 Pandemic, Unemployment, and Civil Unrest: Underlying Deep Racial and Socioeconomic Divides. Journal of the American Medical Association, 324(3), 227–228. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.11132
Haider Syed, M., Khan, S., Raza Rabbani, M., & Thalassinos, Y. E. (2020). An artificial intelligence and NLP based Islamic FinTech model combining Zakat and Qardh-Al-Hasan for countering the adverse impact of COVID-19 on SMEs and individuals. International Journal of Economics and Business Administration, 8(2), 351-364.
Hassan, N. & Noor, A. (2015). Do Capital Assistance Programs by Zakat Institutions Help the poor?. Procedia Economics and Finance 2015, proceedings of International of Accounting and Business Conference 2015, Jakarta: IABC 2015, 551-562.
Iskandar, A., Possumah, B. T., & Aqbar, K. (2020). Peran Ekonomi dan Keuangan Sosial Islam Saat Pandemi COVID-19. Jurnal Sosial & Budaya Syar-I, 7(7), 625–638. https://doi.org/10.15408/sjsbs.v7i7.15544
Ismail, H., Rohmawati, A., Rakhmat, R., & Hidayati, N. N. (2021). Lazisnu Dan Penanggulangan COVID 19; Impelemntasi Fatwa MUI Nomor 23 Tahun 2020 Tentang Pemanfaatan Zakat Infak Shadaqah. At-Tahdzib: Jurnal Studi Islam dan Muamalah, 9(1), 19-25.
James, R. N., & Sharpe, D. L. (2007). The Nature and Causes of the U-Shaped Charitable Giving Profile. Non-profit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 36(2), 218–238. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764006295993
Jin, S., Balliet, D., Romano, A., Spadaro, G., Van Lissa, C. J., & Agostini, M. (2021). Intergenerational conflicts of interest and prosocial behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic. Personality and Individual Differences, 171(2), 110535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110535
Kamas, L., & Preston, A. (2021). Empathy, gender, and prosocial behavior. Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics, 92, 101654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2020.101654
Keister, Lisa A, & Stephanie M. (2000). Wealth Inequality in the United States. Annual Review of Sociology, 26, 63–81.
Li, Y. (2015). The flow of soul: a sociological study of generosity in England and Wales (2001–2011). In The Hand book of Research Methods and Applications on Social Capital (pp. 40–59). https://doi.org/10.4337/9780857935854
Lockwood, P. L., Abdurahman, A., Gabay, A. L., Drew, D., Tamm, M., Husain, M., & Apps, M. A. (2021). Aging Increases Prosocial Motivation for Effort. Psychological Science, 32(5), 668–681. https://doi.org.10.1177/0956797620975781
Martin, A., Markhvida, M., Hallegatte, S., & Walsh, B. (2020). Socio-economic impacts of COVID-19 on household consumption and poverty. Economics of disasters and climate change, 4(3), 453-479. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41885-020-00070-3
Masrul, I. S., & Huda, N. (2021). Islamic Social Finance Optimalization For Economic Growth (Covid 19 in Indonesia). Laa Maisyir : Jurnal Ekonomi Islam, 8(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.24252/lamaisyir.v8i1.16517
Munandar, E., Amirullah, M., & Nurochani, N. (2020). Pengaruh Penyaluran Dana Zakat, Infak Dan Sedekah (ZIS) dan Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Terhadap Tingkat Kemiskinan. Al-Mal: Jurnal Akuntansi Dan Keuangan Islam, 1(1), 25–38. https://doi.org/10.24042/AL-MAL.V1I1.5321
Mursal, M., Ritonga, M., Sartika, F., Lahmi, A., Nurdianto, T., & Alam, L. (2021). The contribution of Amil Zakat, Infaq and Shadaqah Muhammadiyah (LAZISMU) institutions in handling the impact of COVID-19. Journal of Sustainable Finance & Investment, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1080/20430795.2021.1886550
Nacoti, M., Ciocca, A., Giupponi, A., Brambillasca, P., Lussana, F., Pisano, M., & Montaguti, C. (2020). At the epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic and humanitarian crises in Italy: changing perspectives on preparation and mitigation. NEJM Catalyst innovations in care delivery, 1(2). https://doi.org/10.1056/CAT.20.0080
Ninglasari, S. Y. (2021). Determinants of Online Zakat Intention amongst Muslim Millennials: An Integration of Technology Acceptance Model and Theory of Planned Behavior. Shirkah: Journal of Economics and Business, 6(2), 227-245. doi:https://doi.org/10.22515/shirkah.v6i2.387
Ozili, P. K. (2021). COVID-19 pandemic and economic crisis: the Nigerian experience and structural causes. Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences, 37(4), 401-418. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEAS-05-2020-0074
Piliyanti, I. (2020). Evaluasi Akuntabilitas Lembaga Amil Zakat di Indonesia: Tinjauaun dari Pemanfaatan Teknologi Informasi dalam Perkembangan Praktik Zakat Kontemporer di Asia Tenggara. Kyoto Series of Islamic Economic Studies, 3, 61-80.
Poole, D. N., Escudero, D. J., Gostin, L. O., Leblang, D., & Talbot, E. A. (2020). Responding to the COVID-19 pandemic in complex humanitarian crises. International journal for equity in health, 19(1), 1-2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-020-01162-y
Rietveld, C. A., Medland, S. E., Derringer, J., Yang, J., Esko, T., Martin, N. W., Koellinger, P. D. (2013). Individuals Identifies Genetic Variants Asso-ciated with Educational Attainment. Science, 340(6139), 1467–1471. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1235488
Saladin, M., Rasool, A., Fauzi, M., Harun, M., Salleh, A. M., Aini, N., & Idris, H. (2011). Poverty Measurement in Malaysian Zakat Institutions: A Theoretical Survey. Jurnal Ekonomi Malaysia, 45(1), 123–129.
Saputra, H. (2020). Zakat Sebagai Sarana Bantuan bagi Masyarakat Berdampak COVID-19. Al-Ijtima`i: International Journal of Government and Social Science, 5(2), 161–175. https://doi.org/10.22373/JAI.V5I2.549
Saputro, E. G., & Sidiq, S. (2020). The Role of Zakat, Infaq and Shadaqah (ZIS) in Reducing Poverty in Aceh Province. International Journal of Islamic Economics and Finance (IJIEF), 3(0), 63–94. https://doi.org/10.18196/IJIEF.3234
Sen, A., Chatterjee, R.S., Nayak, N.C. (2020). Determinants of Individual Giving Behavior in Urban India. Voluntas, 31, 271–285. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-017-9913-6
Smith, D. H. (2016). Determinants of Voluntary Association Participation and Volunteering: A Literature Review. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 23(3), 243–263. https://doi.org/10.1177/089976409402300305
Sulaeman, S., Majid, R., & Widiastuti, T. (2021). Zakat and Its Impact on Socio-Economic Welfare Before COVID-19 Pandemi in Indonesia. International Journal of Zakat, 6(2), 75–90. https://doi.org/10.37706/IJAZ.V6I2.301
Sumner, A., Hoy, C., & Ortiz-Juarez, E. (2020). Estimates of the Impact of COVID-19 on Global Poverty. WIDER working paper (No. 2020/43). https://doi.org/10.35188/UNU-WIDER/2020/800-9
Tobin, J. (1958). Estimation of relationships for limited dependent variables. Econometrica, 26(1), 24–36.
Umar, U.H., Baita, A.J., Haron, M.H.B. and Kabiru, S.H. (2021). The potential of Islamic social finance to alleviate poverty in the era of COVID-19: The moderating effect of ethical orientation. International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMEFM-07-2020-0371
Van Reekum, R., Stuss, D. T., & Ostrander, L. (2005). Apathy: Why care? Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 17(1), 7–19. https://doi.org/10.1176/JNP.17.1.7
Wahyu, A. R. M., & Anwar, W. A. (2020). Management of Zakat at BAZNAS Regency Sidrap during COVID-19’s Pandemi. Jurnal Iqtisaduna, 1(1), 1-12.
Walpole, R. E. (1995). Pengantar Statistika edisi ke-3. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
Wooldridge, J. M. (2002). Econometric analysis of cross section and panel data. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Copyright
Copyright aims to protect the specific way the article has been written to describe an experiment and the results. Shirkah: Journal of Economics and Business is committed to its authors to protect and defend their work and their reputation and takes allegations of infringement, plagiarism, ethical disputes, and fraud very seriously. Automotive Experiences is published under the terms of the Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication (online and print) with the work simultaneously. We use the restrictive license (non-commercial) as follows:
License
License to Publish
The non-commercial use of the article will be governed by the Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). The author hereby grants Shirkah: Journal of Economics and Business an exclusive publishing and distribution license in the manuscript include tables, illustrations or other material submitted for publication as part of the manuscript (the “Articleâ€) in print, electronic and all other media (whether now known or later developed), in any form, in all languages, throughout the world, for the full term of copyright, and the right to license others to do the same, effective when the article is accepted for publication. This license includes the right to enforce the rights granted hereunder against third parties.
Author's Warranties
The author warrants that the article is original, written by stated author/s, has not been published before, contains no unlawful statements, does not infringe the rights of others, is subject to copyright that is vested exclusively in the author and free of any third party rights, and that any necessary written permissions to quote from other sources have been obtained by the author(s).
User Rights
Under the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, the author(s) and users are free to share (copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format) and adapt (remix, transform, and build upon the material). Users must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made.
Rights of Authors
Authors retain the following rights:
- Copyright, and other proprietary rights relating to the article, such as patent rights,
- The right to use the substance of the article in future own works, including lectures and books,
- The right to reproduce the article for own purposes, provided the copies are not offered for sale, and
- The right to self-archive the article.
Co-Authorship
If the article was prepared jointly with other authors, the signatory of this form warrants that he/she has been authorized by all co-authors to sign this agreement on their behalf, and agrees to inform his/her co-authors of the terms of this agreement.
Royalties
This agreement entitles the author to no royalties or other fees. To such extent as legally permissible, the author waives his or her right to collect royalties relative to the article in respect of any use of the article by Shirkah: Journal of Economics and Business or its sublicensee.
Miscellaneous
Shirkah: Journal of Economics and Business will publish the article (or have it published) in the Journal if the article’s editorial process is successfully completed and Shirkah: Journal of Economics and Business or its sublicensee has become obligated to have the article published. Shirkah: Journal of Economics and Business may conform the article to a style of punctuation, spelling, capitalization, and usage that it deems appropriate.